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METAR SPECI AUTO COR NIL DDHHMMZ Z dddffKT VRB G SM Meters (e.g., 9999) CAVOK - (Minus) + (Plus) VC DZ RA SN SG IC PL GR GS UP BR FG FU VA DU SA HZ PO SQ SS DS FC SKC CLR FEW SCT BKN OVC VV CB TCU T/D Format (e.g., 15/08) M Prefix Q** A** RMK NOSIG BECMG TEMPO PROB30 / PROB40 AMD COR TAF FM TL AT NSW Example METAR: METAR LIRF 151230Z 18012KT 9999 FEW020 SCT030 18/08 Q1013 NOSIG Example TAF: TAF LIRF 151100Z 1512/1612 18012KT CAVOK BECMG 1515/1517 22015KT Reference: ICAO Annex 3, WMO No. 306 Manual on Codes (FM 15–X METAR, FM 51–X TAF)
1. General Report Type Codes
Meteorological Aerodrome Report.
A routine weather observation issued (usually hourly) to provide current conditions at an airport.
Special Weather Report.
Issued when significant or rapid changes in weather occur between routine METAR reports.
Indicates that the report was generated automatically by weather sensors rather than by a human observer.
Corrected Report.
Denotes that the current report is a correction to a previously issued report.
Used when there is nothing noteworthy to report beyond standard conditions.
2. Time and Date Codes
The date-time group format where:
Example: 151230Z = 15th day of the month at 12:30 UTC.
Short for Zulu time, which is equivalent to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
3. Wind Codes
The wind group in METAR reports:
Example: 18012KT = Wind from 180° at 12 knots.
Variable.
Used when the wind direction is not steady (typically when speeds are very low, below 3 knots).
Gust.
Indicates short bursts of higher wind speed. For instance, “G25” means gusts up to 25 knots.
4. Visibility Codes
Statute Miles.
Used mainly in U.S. reports to indicate visibility in miles.
In many parts of the world, visibility is reported in meters. A value like “9999” typically means visibility is 10 km or more.
Ceiling And Visibility OK.
Indicates that:
5. Weather Phenomena and Precipitation Codes
Intensity and Proximity Modifiers
Denotes light intensity of a phenomenon.
Denotes heavy intensity.
In the vicinity.
Indicates that the weather phenomenon is occurring near (but not at) the reporting station.Precipitation
Drizzle.
Light liquid precipitation consisting of very small droplets.
Rain.
Precipitation in the form of water droplets.
Snow.
Frozen precipitation in the form of snowflakes.
Snow Grains.
Very small, opaque ice crystals—usually occurring in light precipitation.
Ice Crystals.
Tiny ice particles falling from the sky.
Ice Pellets (Sleet).
Formed when rain partially freezes before reaching the ground.
Hail.
Spherical ice pellets that form in strong convective storms.
Small Hail or Snow Pellets.
Generally smaller than typical hail.
Unknown Precipitation.
Used when the type of precipitation cannot be determined.Obscurations and Other Phenomena
Mist.
Fine droplets suspended in the air that reduce visibility, but typically not as severely as fog.
Fog.
A thick cloud of water droplets at ground level causing significantly reduced visibility.
Smoke.
Usually from fires or industrial activity; can reduce visibility.
Volcanic Ash.
Fine volcanic particles suspended in the atmosphere, dangerous for aircraft.
Dust.
Fine particles that can lower visibility, especially in arid regions.
Sand.
Loose sand being blown by the wind, reducing visibility.
Haze.
A slight obscuration of the sky caused by dust, smoke, or pollution.
Dust/Sand Whirls.
Small swirling eddies of dust or sand often seen in windy conditions.
Squalls.
Brief, sudden increases in wind speed often associated with rain or storms.
Sandstorm.
Intense winds carrying large amounts of sand, reducing visibility dramatically.
Duststorm.
Similar to a sandstorm, but primarily involving dust.
Funnel Cloud.
A rotating column of air that has not reached the ground, sometimes a precursor to a tornado.
6. Cloud Cover Codes
Sky Clear.
Indicates that no clouds are observed.
Clear.
Similar to SKC, used especially in U.S. reports to denote no clouds below a certain altitude.
Few.
1–2 oktas (eighths) of the sky covered by clouds.
Scattered.
3–4 oktas of cloud cover.
Broken.
5–7 oktas, meaning the sky is mostly covered by clouds but not completely overcast.
Overcast.
8 oktas, indicating full cloud cover.
Vertical Visibility.
Used when the sky is obscured (e.g., by fog or heavy precipitation) and only vertical distance can be measured.
Cumulonimbus.
Towering clouds associated with thunderstorms and convective activity.
Towering Cumulus.
Cumulus clouds with significant vertical development that may signal unstable atmospheric conditions.
7. Temperature and Dew Point Codes
The first number represents the temperature in degrees Celsius, and the second number represents the dew point in degrees Celsius.
When “M” precedes a number (e.g., M05), it indicates a negative value (below zero).
8. Altimeter/Pressure Codes
Indicates the altimeter setting in hectopascals (hPa).
Example: Q1013 means an altimeter setting of 1013 hPa.
Used mainly in U.S. reports, indicating the altimeter setting in inches of mercury (inHg).
Example: A2992 translates to 29.92 inHg.
9. Remarks and Additional Information
Remarks.
A section at the end of the report where additional, non-standard information is provided.
No Significant Change.
Typically found in TAFs, meaning that no significant weather changes are expected during the forecast period.
Becoming.
Indicates that weather conditions are expected to change gradually from one state to another.
Temporary.
Signals that there will be temporary fluctuations or brief periods of differing weather conditions.
Indicates a 30% or 40% probability that a certain weather phenomenon will occur during the forecast period.
Amended.
Shows that the forecast has been updated from a previous version.
As noted above, signifies that the forecast or report has been corrected.
10. TAF-Specific Codes
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast.
A detailed weather forecast for a specific airport, usually covering a 24- to 30-hour period (extended forecasts may cover up to 48 hours).
From.
Marks the beginning of a period during which forecast conditions are expected to change.
Example: FM1200 indicates that from 12:00 UTC onward, new conditions will prevail.
Until.
Used to denote the end time for a particular forecast period or change in conditions.
Occasionally used in TAFs to specify a particular time within the forecast period.
No Significant Weather.
Indicates that no notable weather phenomena are expected during the period in question.
11. Additional Meteorological Abbreviations
No Significant Cloud.
Indicates there are no significant clouds below 5000 feet and no CB or TCU observed.
Cumulonimbus Mammatus.
A specific type of cumulonimbus cloud with a mammatus base, often indicating severe turbulence.
Showers.
Used to denote convective precipitation. E.g., SHRA = rain showers.
Thunderstorm.
Used when thunderstorm activity is present. E.g., TSRA = thunderstorm with rain.12. Wind Direction Variability Code
Indicates variable wind direction when it fluctuates more than 60° during the observation. Example: 180V240 means the wind is varying between 180° and 240°.13. SPECI Trend Codes
Indicates short-term forecast appended to a SPECI report.
May appear within the TREND section to describe expected short-term variations.14. Composite METAR/TAF Examples
Translation: Routine report from Rome Fiumicino on the 15th at 12:30 UTC. Wind from 180° at 12 kt, visibility greater than 10 km, few clouds at 2000 ft, scattered clouds at 3000 ft, temperature 18°C, dew point 8°C, pressure 1013 hPa. No significant changes expected.
Translation: Forecast for Rome Fiumicino issued on the 15th at 11:00 UTC, valid from the 15th at 12:00 to the 16th at 12:00 UTC. Wind from 180° at 12 kt, ceiling and visibility OK. Becoming between 15:00 and 17:00 UTC: wind from 220° at 15 kt.
ICAO – International Civil Aviation Organization IATA – International Air Transport Association FAA – Federal Aviation Administration CAA – Civil Aviation Authority NTSB – National Transportation Safety Board AOC – Air Operator’s Certificate AIP – Aeronautical Information Publication SOP – Standard Operating Procedure CRM – Crew Resource Management FAR – Federal Aviation Regulations ATS – Air Traffic Services VOR – VHF Omni-directional Range DME – Distance Measuring Equipment NDB – Non-Directional Beacon ILS – Instrument Landing System MLS – Microwave Landing System PAPI – Precision Approach Path Indicator VASI – Visual Approach Slope Indicator RNAV – Area Navigation RNP – Required Navigation Performance GPS – Global Positioning System GNSS – Global Navigation Satellite System TACAN – Tactical Air Navigation VORTAC – VOR/TACAN Combination PBN – Performance-Based Navigation SBAS – Satellite-Based Augmentation System WAAS – Wide Area Augmentation System LPV – Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance IFR – Instrument Flight Rules VFR – Visual Flight Rules SID – Standard Instrument Departure STAR – Standard Terminal Arrival Route FPL – Flight Plan OFP – Operational Flight Plan CTAF – Common Traffic Advisory Frequency TMA – Terminal Maneuvering Area CTR – Control Zone RWY – Runway FL – Flight Level QNH & QFE RVSM – Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum ODP – Obstacle Departure Procedure TODA, ASDA, & LDA MTOW & MLW OEW & ZFW ETOPS – Extended-range Twin-engine Operational Performance Standards FBO – Fixed Base Operator ATC – Air Traffic Control ATIS – Automatic Terminal Information Service AWOS – Automated Weather Observing System ACARS – Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System CPDLC – Controller–Pilot Data Link Communications ADS-B – Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast HF, VHF, & UHF Radios SATCOM – Satellite Communications ATN – Aeronautical Telecommunication Network EFB – Electronic Flight Bag FMS/FMC – Flight Management System/Computer EFIS – Electronic Flight Instrument System MFD & PFD – Multi-Function Display & Primary Flight Display EICAS/ECAM SART – Search and Rescue Transponder TCAS – Traffic Collision Avoidance System FANS – Future Air Navigation System APU – Auxiliary Power Unit FDR – Flight Data Recorder CVR – Cockpit Voice Recorder ECS – Environmental Control System IRS – Inertial Reference System MCDU – Multipurpose Control and Display Unit HUD – Head-Up Display ELT – Emergency Locator Transmitter ADF – Automatic Direction Finder FMA – Flight Mode Annunciator GPWS – Ground Proximity Warning System TAWS – Terrain Awareness and Warning System FOQA – Flight Operational Quality Assurance QRH – Quick Reference Handbook MRO – Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul SSR – Secondary Surveillance Radar AVSEC – Aviation Security MEL – Minimum Equipment List MMEL – Master Minimum Equipment List VMC – Visual Meteorological Conditions IMC – Instrument Meteorological Conditions MEA – Minimum Enroute Altitude MVA – Minimum Vectoring Altitude TA – Traffic Advisory RA – Resolution Advisory CDR – Commander FO – First Officer AFM – Aircraft Flight Manual FCOM – Flight Crew Operating Manual QAR – Quick Access Recorder SMS – Safety Management System AOG – Aircraft on Ground TBO – Time Between Overhaul OAT – Outside Air Temperature TAT – Total Air Temperature ISA – International Standard Atmosphere ROC – Rate of Climb ROD – Rate of Descent IAS – Indicated Airspeed CAS – Calibrated Airspeed TAS – True Airspeed GS – Ground Speed VFE – Maximum Flap Extended Speed VNE – Never Exceed Speed VA – Maneuvering Speed FADEC – Full Authority Digital Engine Control EPR – Engine Pressure Ratio N1 & N2 – Engine Speed Parameters MCP – Mode Control Panel AD – Airworthiness Directive SB – Service Bulletin ADS-C – Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Contract UAS – Unmanned Aircraft System sUAS – Small Unmanned Aircraft System BVLOS – Beyond Visual Line of Sight RPAS – Remotely Piloted Aircraft System UTM – Unmanned Traffic Management SESAR – Single European Sky ATM Research NextGen CDM – Collaborative Decision Making SWIM – System Wide Information Management CNS – Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance Data Link eVTOL – Electric Vertical Take-Off and Landing ADF – Automatic Direction Finder HUD – Head-Up Display FMC – Flight Management Computer FMA – Flight Mode Annunciator CTC – Centralized Traffic Control VDF – Voice Data Follower (less common) SLAT – Leading Edge Slat C-Check, D-Check, etc. The ICAO Annexes provide the legal and procedural backbone of international aviation. Here are some key examples: For further reading:
1. Regulatory & Organizational Bodies
Role: A UN agency that sets global standards for aviation safety, security, efficiency, and environmental protection.
Context: Its standards govern flight procedures, airspace design, and aircraft certification worldwide.
Role: A global trade association representing airlines.
Context: Develops standards for ticketing, baggage handling, and operational procedures, and influences airline policies.
Role: The U.S. authority overseeing civil aviation.
Context: Manages air traffic control, pilot licensing, aircraft certification, and U.S. airspace safety.
Role: National bodies (e.g., the UK CAA) responsible for regulating and ensuring aviation safety within a country.
Role: An independent U.S. agency that investigates aviation and other transportation accidents.
Context: Its findings lead to crucial safety improvements.
Role: Certification permitting an airline or commercial operator to conduct air transport operations.
Context: Requires strict evaluation of operational procedures, maintenance, and training.
Role: A comprehensive manual with essential aeronautical data.
Context: Contains charts, procedures, and regulatory details vital for flight planning.
Role: Detailed, written instructions for routine operations.
Context: Helps standardize processes (e.g., pre-flight checks, emergency procedures) to minimize error.
Role: Training that enhances cockpit communication, teamwork, and decision-making.
Context: Reduces human error by promoting shared situational awareness.
Role: The set of rules established by the FAA governing all U.S. civil aviation activities.
Role: A suite of services—including ATC, flight information, and alerting—to ensure safe and orderly aircraft movement.
2. Navigation Systems & Equipment
Role: A ground-based radio navigation aid that provides azimuth information.
Example: Helps pilots maintain a course along established airways.
Role: Provides the slant range distance between an aircraft and a ground station.
Context: Typically co-located with VORs.
Role: A radio transmitter emitting signals in all directions.
Context: Used with an Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) for navigation, especially where VORs are sparse.
Role: Provides precision lateral (localizer) and vertical (glide slope) guidance during approaches.
Context: Classified into CAT I, II, or III based on minimum decision height and runway visual range.
Role: An alternative precision approach system using microwave frequencies for guidance.
Role: A set of lights that visually guides pilots to the proper glide path on landing.
Example: The red/white light configuration indicates whether you’re high, low, or on target.
Role: Similar to PAPI; uses calibrated light bars to help pilots maintain the correct approach angle.
Role: Enables pilots to fly on any desired path within the range of navigation aids.
Context: Increases routing flexibility and airspace efficiency.
Role: Specifies navigation accuracy, integrity, and continuity requirements.
Context: Essential for operations in complex or congested airspace.
Role: A satellite-based system providing precise position and timing information.
Role: Encompasses all satellite navigation systems (e.g., GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou).
Context: Provides redundancy and global coverage.
Role: A military system providing bearing and distance data.
Context: Often combined with VOR to form VORTAC.
Role: Offers both azimuth and distance information from a single facility.
Role: Establishes navigation requirements based on the performance of onboard systems rather than ground aids.
Role: Enhances satellite navigation accuracy by providing correction signals.
Examples: WAAS in North America, EGNOS in Europe.
Role: A specific SBAS that improves GPS accuracy for precision approaches such as LPV.
Role: Provides precision approach capabilities using SBAS corrections, similar to ILS without ground-based localizers.
3. Flight Operations & Procedures
Role: Regulations that govern flight when pilots rely primarily on instruments.
Context: Requires filing a flight plan and adhering to strict procedures during poor visibility.
Role: Rules allowing flight when weather conditions permit pilots to navigate visually.
Context: Depends on sufficient visibility and clear skies.
Role: Predefined departure routes ensuring obstacle clearance and efficient traffic flow.
Example: Used at airports with high traffic or challenging terrain.
Role: Preplanned arrival paths to streamline descent and integration into terminal airspace.
Role: A document detailing the intended route, altitudes, speeds, and other operational parameters.
Role: An enriched flight plan used by airlines containing additional performance data, fuel calculations, and alternate routing.
Role: A frequency used at non-towered airports for pilots to communicate position and intentions.
Role: The controlled airspace surrounding an airport where arriving and departing traffic is sequenced.
Role: An airspace zone around an airport where ATC services are provided.
Role: The designated paved surface for takeoffs and landings.
Example: Runways are numbered according to their magnetic alignment (e.g., RWY 09/27).
Role: Altitudes standardized by a fixed pressure setting (1013.25 hPa) used for high-altitude navigation.
Role: Allows aircraft to operate with reduced vertical spacing (typically 1,000 feet) between flight levels.
Role: Preplanned routes that ensure obstacle clearance during departure.
Role: Guidelines allowing twin-engine aircraft to operate safely on long routes away from diversion airports.
Role: A ground service provider at an airport offering fueling, hangaring, maintenance, and handling services.
4. Communication & Avionics Systems
Role: The service managing the safe and efficient movement of aircraft through clearances, instructions, and radar monitoring.
Role: A continuously broadcast service that provides current weather, runway, and other essential information to pilots.
Role: An automated system that collects and broadcasts weather data, particularly at smaller or remote airports.
Role: A digital data link system for transmitting messages between aircraft and ground stations (e.g., flight plan updates, maintenance reports).
Role: A text-based messaging system that supplements voice communications between pilots and controllers, reducing radio congestion.
Role: A surveillance technology whereby aircraft automatically broadcast their position, speed, and other flight data.
Role: Provides voice and data links via satellites, crucial for remote and oceanic operations.
Role: A digital network interconnecting aircraft, ATC, and other stakeholders for efficient data exchange.
Role: A portable electronic device (tablet/laptop) that replaces paper-based manuals, charts, and documentation.
Role: An onboard system that automates flight planning, navigation, and performance management.
Role: Digital cockpit displays that present essential flight data in a configurable format.
Role: A device that emits a distress signal when activated, aiding rescue operations.
Role: Provides collision avoidance advisories by detecting nearby transponder-equipped aircraft.
Role: An evolving suite of technologies enhancing communication, navigation, and surveillance (especially over oceanic airspace).
5. Aircraft Systems & Components
Role: A small turbine engine that provides electrical and pneumatic power on the ground and assists with engine starts.
Role: The “black box” that records flight parameters (altitude, speed, control inputs) for investigation purposes.
Role: Records cockpit audio, including pilot communications and ambient sounds, crucial for accident investigations.
Role: Manages cabin pressurization, temperature, and ventilation to ensure passenger comfort and system reliability.
Role: Uses gyroscopes and accelerometers to determine the aircraft’s position, orientation, and velocity independently of external aids.
Role: The pilot interface for the FMS, used to enter flight plans and adjust performance data.
Role: A transparent display projecting flight data into the pilot’s forward view, enhancing situational awareness.
Role: Automatically transmits a distress signal in the event of a crash to facilitate search and rescue.
Role: Receives signals from NDBs to provide bearing information for navigation.
Role: Displays the active autopilot modes and flight director commands to the pilot.
6. Safety, Emergency & Investigation Systems
Role: Alerts pilots when the aircraft is in dangerous proximity to terrain or obstacles, mitigating CFIT risks.
Role: An advanced version of GPWS that uses digital terrain databases for more precise alerts.
Role: Collects and analyzes flight data to identify trends, improve procedures, and prevent future incidents.
Role: Provides pilots with immediate, step-by-step procedures for abnormal or emergency situations.
Role: Refers to the scheduled and unscheduled activities ensuring an aircraft remains airworthy.
Role: Works with transponders to provide ATC with aircraft identification and altitude data.
Role: Encompasses measures and protocols designed to protect aviation infrastructure, aircraft, and passengers from security threats.
Role: A list specifying the minimum equipment required for an aircraft to be airworthy.
Role: A manufacturer’s comprehensive list from which an operator’s MEL is derived.
7. Operational Environment & Terminology
Role: Weather conditions allowing flight primarily by visual reference.
Role: Conditions where reduced visibility necessitates reliance on flight instruments.
Role: The lowest altitude ensuring obstacle clearance and navigational aid signal coverage along a route.
Role: The lowest altitude at which ATC can safely provide radar vectors.
Role: Alerts generated (often by TCAS) that warn pilots of nearby traffic.
Role: Immediate instructions from TCAS to climb or descend to avoid a collision.
Role: The pilot in command responsible for overall flight decisions.
Role: The co-pilot assisting the commander and capable of assuming command if needed.
8. Additional Operational & Performance Abbreviations
Purpose: The manufacturer’s manual detailing performance data, limitations, and procedures.
Purpose: A pilot-oriented document with aircraft-specific procedures and performance charts.
Purpose: Records flight data for rapid analysis and troubleshooting.
Purpose: A structured approach for managing safety risks via policies, procedures, and training.
Meaning: Indicates an aircraft is grounded due to technical issues, often causing delays.
Purpose: The recommended interval for component or engine overhaul to maintain reliability.
Purpose: The ambient air temperature outside the aircraft, used in performance calculations.
Purpose: The temperature measured on the aircraft accounting for air compression and friction effects.
Purpose: A reference model of atmospheric pressure and temperature used for performance and design.
Meaning: The vertical speed (typically in feet per minute) at which an aircraft ascends.
Meaning: The vertical speed during descent, crucial for approach management.
Meaning: The speed read directly from the aircraft’s instruments.
Meaning: Indicated airspeed corrected for instrument and positional errors.
Meaning: The actual speed through the air, adjusted for altitude and temperature.
Meaning: The speed of the aircraft relative to the ground, considering wind effects.
Purpose: The highest speed at which flaps can be deployed safely.
Meaning: The maximum speed beyond which the aircraft must not operate to avoid structural damage.
Meaning: The speed at which full, abrupt control inputs will not overstress the aircraft.
9. Engine & System Performance Parameters
Purpose: Fully manages engine performance, optimizing fuel efficiency and responsiveness while reducing pilot workload.
Purpose: A key performance metric comparing exhaust pressure to inlet air pressure.
Context: Critical for monitoring engine performance and health.
Purpose: The interface through which pilots set and adjust autopilot parameters such as altitude, heading, and speed.
10. Maintenance & Regulatory Directives
Purpose: A mandatory regulation requiring specific inspections, repairs, or modifications to maintain safe operations.
Purpose: Recommendations issued by manufacturers, sometimes leading to mandatory actions via an AD.
11. Emerging Technologies & Modern Aviation Terms
Role: A variant of ADS where aircraft periodically report their position/status via a contractual agreement with ATC—vital for remote airspace.
Role: The complete system of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), ground control stations, and data links.
Role: Refers specifically to smaller drones (often under 55 pounds) that operate under a more lenient regulatory framework.
Role: Refers to drone operations conducted beyond the pilot’s unaided visual range.
Role: Another term for systems that include remotely controlled aircraft, emphasizing the piloted aspect.
Role: Systems and procedures developed to safely integrate UAS into the airspace alongside manned aircraft.
Role: An initiative to modernize air traffic management in Europe through innovative technologies and procedures.
Role: The U.S. Next Generation Air Transportation System initiative aimed at modernizing the national airspace.
Role: A process that integrates all stakeholders (airlines, ATC, airports) to optimize decision-making in air traffic management.
Role: A NextGen concept that enables the sharing of information among airspace users for improved situational awareness.
Role: An umbrella term for the integrated systems that underpin modern air traffic management.
Role: Digital communications (e.g., ACARS, CPDLC) that transmit operational and safety data between aircraft and ground systems.
Role: Refers to a new class of electric-powered aircraft designed for urban air mobility with vertical lift capabilities.
12. Miscellaneous & Additional Codes
Role: Works with NDBs to provide directional information to the pilot.
Role: Projects critical flight data into the pilot’s forward field of view, enabling hands-on control with minimal head movement.
Role: The core component of the FMS that processes navigation data and manages flight plans.
Role: Indicates active autopilot modes and flight director commands.
Role: A ground-based system used in some airports and terminal airspaces for efficient traffic management.
Role: A system or protocol in certain contexts to automatically follow or log voice communications.
Role: Movable aerodynamic surfaces on a wing’s leading edge that improve low-speed performance during takeoff and landing.
Meaning: Scheduled maintenance checks (though not “abbreviations” in the strict sense, these terms are ubiquitous in MRO documentation).
13. Additional Operational Concepts & Emerging Use Cases
Used in operational dispatch and maintenance logs to identify non-routine issues affecting aircraft readiness.
Observational safety program capturing routine flight operations to proactively identify threats and errors.
Geographical coordinates used in flight planning, navigation, and FMS route entry.
A GPS integrity check algorithm to alert the crew if satellite data is unreliable.
Refers to any object that could damage aircraft (e.g., tools, stones, birds) on runways or taxiways.14. ICAO Annexes – Reference Framework
15. External References & Resources
Here’s an example of a more detailed NOTAM using many of the abbreviations: NOTAM: Based on ICAO Annex 15, DOC 8126, and EAD (European AIS Database) standards.
1. Aerodrome Operations Abbreviations
2. Air Traffic Control and Airspace Abbreviations
3. Weather and Meteorological Abbreviations
4. Navigation Aids and Communications
5. Flight Restrictions, Temporary Notices, and Hazardous Conditions
6. Safety-Related Abbreviations
7. Aerodrome Services and Equipment
8. Miscellaneous Abbreviations
9. Example of a Detailed NOTAM
10. Additional NOTAM-related Codes
11. Example Breakdown with Explanations
Q) LIMM/QMRLC/IV/NBO/A/000/999/4512N00903E005
A) LIMC
B) 2504010600 C) 2504011200
E) RWY 35L CLSD DUE TO WORK IN PROGRESS. RWY 35R AVBL. LDG/TKOF ON 35L PROHIBITED.
12. Resources and References